New Refreshable <i>N</i>-Halamine Polymeric Biocides: <i>N</i>-Chlorination of Acyclic Amide Grafted Cellulose
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acyclic N -halamine structures have demonstrated antibacterial functions similar to cyclic N -halamine. Precursors of acyclic halamine such as acrylamide and methacrylamide can be easily grafted onto surfaces of substrates via radical polymerization processes. However, due to easy hydrolysis of primary amides during chlorination and steric hindrance of secondary amide to conversion to acyclic halamine structures, the acyclic halamines still have limitations to many applications in preparation of antimicrobial materials. To reduce hydrolysis of amide during chlorination, particularly under alkaline conditions, addition of electrolytes such as NaCl was able to improve chlorination of polyacrylamide grafted cotton (chlorine content 458 ppm) with less than 10% hydrolysis under slightly basic (pH = 8) conditions. Both acidic conditions and the addition of salt can increase the chlorination of secondary amides and provide effective antibacterial functions on the treated cellulose (5 log reduction of E. coli in contact time of 120 min).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".