Efficacy and Safety of Inhaled Insulin (Exubera) Compared With Subcutaneous Insulin Therapy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Why is this work in the frame?
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.
Full frame distilled prediction
Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
- Candidate categories
- none
- Consensus categories
- none
- Domain
- Candidate signal: noneConsensus signal: none
- Study design
- Candidate signal: ObservationalConsensus signal: Observational
- Genre
- Candidate signal: EmpiricalConsensus signal: Empirical
- Teacher disagreement score
- 0.025
- Threshold uncertainty score
- 0.582
- Validation status
machine_predicted_unvalidated·codex-gemma-dda1882f352a
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
- Teacher spread
- 0.205 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
- Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline· verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether premeal pulmonary delivery of rapid-acting, dry-powder insulin (Exubera) plus Ultralente could provide glycemic control comparable to a conventional insulin regimen in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Three hundred thirty-five subjects were randomly assigned to receive either premeal inhaled insulin plus bedtime Ultralente or two to three injections of regular and NPH insulin for 24 weeks. The primary end point was a change in HbA(1c). RESULTS: Mean decreases in HbA(1c) values were comparable for inhaled (8.1-7.9%) and conventional groups (8.1-7.7%) (adjusted treatment group difference 0.16% [95% CI -0.01 to 0.32]). There were greater reductions for inhaled versus conventional regimen in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose (adjusted mean change differences -25.17 and -30.28 mg/dl, respectively [95% CI -43.39 to -6.95 and -54.58 to -5.97, respectively]). Hypoglycemia (events/subject month) was lower for the inhaled (8.6) versus the conventional (9.0) group (risk ratio, 0.96 [95% CI 0.93-0.99]). In subjects receiving inhaled insulin, increased insulin antibody levels were observed, but there were no associated clinical or laboratory changes. Adverse events were comparable between groups. Mild to moderate cough was more frequent in the inhaled insulin group (27 vs. 5%) but decreased during the treatment. Pulmonary function tests were not different between the groups except for a greater decrease in carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in the inhaled insulin group. Treatment satisfaction was greater in the inhaled than in the conventional group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhaled insulin is effective, well tolerated, and well accepted in patients with type 1 diabetes and provides glycemic control comparable to that with a conventional insulin regimen.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
The record
- Venue
- Diabetes Care
- Topic
- Inhalation and Respiratory Drug Delivery
- Field
- Medicine
- Canadian institutions
- not available
- Funders
- European Foundation for the Study of DiabetesMcGill UniversityPfizer
- Keywords
- MedicineBedtimeInsulinInternal medicineRegular insulinHypoglycemiaNPH insulinDiabetes mellitusGlycemicPostprandialType 1 diabetesEndocrinologyAdverse effectRegimenType 2 diabetesGastroenterologyInsulin glargine
- Has abstract in OpenAlex
- yes