Evidence of change in the sea of okhotsk: Implications for the north pacific
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Russian data from five cruises during the period 1949 to 1952 are compared with observations taken during the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) P1W in 1993 to examine changes which may have occurred in the Sea of Okhotsk during the latter half of the last century. A basin‐wide warming (0.1°‐0.3°C) and freshening (0.05–0.1 psu) of the Sea of Okhotsk was found to have occurred over the latter part of the 20th century. Since the Sea of Okhotsk is thought to be the major source for North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), calculations were made to determine whether or not these changes in the Sea of Okhotsk water properties were consistent with evidence of large‐scale freshening of intermediate waters in the North Pacific. From several Okhotsk‐to‐Pacific salt flux calculations, we conclude that the Sea of Okhotsk was capable of causing the freshening noted in the NPIW over the past half century under certain assumed outflow conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".