Sexually dimorphic morphology of hatchling snapping turtles (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>) from contaminated and reference sites in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River basin, North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some organochlorine pesticides and industrial chemicals may alter sexually dimorphic traits through endocrine disruption. Therefore, we examined a sexually dimorphic trait, precloacal length, of hatchling snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) incubated from 31 clutches from a heavily contaminated site (Hamilton Harbour, ON, Canada; n = 14), a moderately contaminated site (Akwesasne Mohawk Territory; n = 3), and from a reference site (Algonquin Provincial Park, ON, Canada; n = 14). The mean sum polychlorinated biphenyls from Algonquin were low (20.33 ng/g wet wt), but were high from both Hamilton and Akwesasne (2,956.28 and 3,377.0 ng/g wet wt, respectively). Organochlorine pesticides, such as dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, were low from Algonquin (1.67 ng/g wet wt), moderate from Akwesasne (10.00 ng/g wet wt), and relatively high from Hamilton (135.14 ng/g wet wt). At all sites, the precloacal length of male hatchlings was larger than that of females by an equal amount at any given body size. However, the precloacal length of both males and females from Hamilton increased with body size at a slower rate than of males and females from the other two sites. Our results support an earlier study that found differences in sexually dimorphic morphology of adult snapping turtles among contaminated and uncontaminated sites. Furthermore, these alterations in secondary sexual characteristics previously observed in adults likely are initiated early in development, and may result in permanent organizational changes in morphology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".