The relationship between ice thickness and northern hardwood tree damage during ice storms
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The response of four tree species, Acer saccharum Marsh., Acer rubrum L., Populus tremuloides Michx., and Betula populifolia Marsh., to ice storm damage was studied in the northern hardwood forest of southern Quebec. The focus of the study was the impact of ice accretion on trees as a function of damage type and species at the stand and regional scales along a gradient of ice accumulation ranging from 2 to 88 mm radial thickness and to assess the role of the combined effect of ice and wind stress. Further, we estimate the return time for death resulting from ice storms in these forests. The study showed that the magnitude of ice accumulation was the primary determinant of tree damage (measured as the mean percentage of individual tree canopy removed) and that tree size was the primary determinant of damage type (bending, snapping, or substantial branch loss). Stand position (edge versus interior) did not influence susceptibility to damage. The research demonstrated that edge and slope trees bent or snapped in the direction dictated by crown asymmetry. We have no evidence that the modest winds during this icing event played a major role. Lastly, we couple the return time for a given ice thickness with the probability of severe damage to argue that (i) canopy tree mortality from icing is primarily due to glaze accumulations of moderate rarity (around 1235 mm of ice) rather than extraordinary events such as 1998 and (ii) ice storms are likely the greatest single source of canopy tree mortality in the hardwood forests of southern Quebec with an estimated return time for death of about 250 years.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it