Interaction of the verotoxin 1B subunit with soluble aminodeoxy analogues of globotriaosyl ceramides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Specific hydroxy groups of the terminal disaccharide unit of globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb(3)Cer) were identified from binding studies with deoxyGb(3)Cer and verotoxins (VTs) [Nyholm, Magnusson, Zheng, Norel, Binnington-Boyd and Lingwood (1996) Chem. Biol. 3, 263-275]. Four such hydroxy groups (2", 4", 6" and 6') were each substituted with an amino group and the corresponding deoxyamino globotrioses were conjugated to a ceramide-like aglycone which contained an adamantyl group instead of an acyl chain. Such aglycone modification significantly enhanced the water-solubility of the glycoconjugates [Mylvaganam and Lingwood (1999) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257, 391-394]. The inhibitory potential of these soluble aminodeoxy conjugates on the binding of VT(1) to Gb(3)Cer immobilized on an ELISA plate was evaluated. Only the 2" and the 6' deoxyamino conjugates were effective inhibitors (IC(50) 10 microM); the 4" and 6" conjugates were ineffective up to 10 mM. To evaluate the importance of incorporating a rigid adamantyl hydrocarbon group into the ceramide aglycone, globotriaose was conjugated to a t- butylacetamido or an adamantaneacetamido aglycone. By similar ELISAs, only the adamantaneacetamido conjugate inhibited the binding of VT(1) to Gb(3)Cer. When deoxyamino conjugates were adsorbed to silica on TLC plates, only the 2" and 6" conjugates bound VT(1) and VT(2). By a similar TLC assay, acetamido derivatives of 2" and 6' deoxyamino conjugates showed less binding to VT(1) and VT(2). Neither the crystallographically determined structure of the VT(1)-globotriaose complex nor modelling studies fully explain the binding patterns shown by these deoxyamino glycoconjugates. Enhanced solvation of the ammonium group of the deoxyamino conjugate could enforce greater constraints in the binding interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".