Quarantined Within a New Colonial Order: The 1876-1877 Lake Winnipeg Smallpox Epidemic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines the link between the public health measures of quarantine and sanitation and the creation of racially-segregated reserves in the Canadian Northwest. In the fall of 1876, a smallpox epidemic broke out among Icelandic settlers and Aboriginal people living along the southwest coast of Lake Winnipeg. In response government officials formed a Board of Health and took measures to prevent the spread of the disease. The affected district was placed under a rigid quarantine and health officers were sent out to treat the victims and vaccinate people in adjacent communities. Due to both these measures and the diligence of local people, the disease was effectively contained and the number of dead, while significant, did not reach the levels of previous smallpox epidemics. However, the public health response to the crisis had far reaching consequences. By extending and legitimating the authority of the Canadian state over a region where its influence was previously quite limited, quarantine and sanitation helped reify a new colonial order mandating the compartmentalization of land and people into a system of Indian and immigrant reservations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".