Numerical Simulation of Displacement Mechanisms for Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery during Alkaline Flooding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a simulation technique has been developed and successfully applied to numerically simulate the experimentally determined displacement mechanisms governing alkaline flooding for enhancing oil recovery in heavy oil reservoirs. The measured pressure drop and oil recovery during the alkaline flooding processes have been found to increase as the alkaline concentration increases. The increase in pressure drop is mainly due to in situ formation of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, and oil recovery is thus improved because of the blockage of the high-permeability zones. The interfacial tension between heavy oil and alkaline solutions, viscosity of the in situ generated W/O emulsion, and relative permeabilities during waterflooding and alkaline flooding processes have been experimentally determined. An excellent agreement between the measured and simulated pressure drop and cumulative oil production are obtained by taking both the measured viscosity of W/O emulsions and the relative permeability into account. In particular, the in situ generation of W/O emulsion during alkaline flooding in heavy oil reservoirs has been numerically found to occur in the high-permeability zones. This finding is consistent with the experimentally determined displacement mechanisms (i.e., in situ generation of W/O emulsion) in the literature.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".