Effects of winter storage conditions and subsequent agitation on gaseous emissions from liquid dairy manure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An understanding of emissions from liquid manure facilities during winter, spring thaw and agitation is needed to improve national emissions inventories in Canada. In this study, liquid dairy manure was stored in six pilot-scale tanks (1.8 m deep × 6.6 m 2 surface area) covered by steady-state chambers that enabled greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH 3 ) flux measurement. After 158 d of undisturbed storage, three tanks were agitated for 5 d (8 h per day) consecutively. During storage, methane (CH 4 ) flux was correlated with manure temperature at 30 cm depth (P < 0.05). Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes occurred only during spring thaw - at rates comparable with agricultural soil during spring thaw. On a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) equivalent basis, however, cumulative N 2 O fluxes were negligible compared with CH 4 fluxes. Flux of NH 3 was correlated positively with manure temperature near the surface and negatively with the presence of ice or a surface crust (P < 0.01). Agitation did not affect N 2 O and NH 3 fluxes, whereas CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes increased significantly (P < 0.01) as dissolved gas and bubbles were released. Trapped CH 4 released during agitation was estimated to be 6.3 g CH 4 m -3 manure, and was depleted in 2 d. Considering the entire storage period, agitated tanks (158 d + 5 d agitation) had 6% higher GHG fluxes due to higher CH 4 losses than undisturbed tanks (163 d). This CH 4 release is small in context of annual fluxes, but may partially explain discrepancies between predicted and measured winter fluxes.Key words: Manure storage, agitation, greenhouse gas emission, ammonia emission, dissolved gas
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".