Relationship between Tinnitus Loudness Level and Internal Jugular Venous Flow Rate Measured by Coloured Doppler Ultrasonography in Patients with a High Jugular Bulb
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between tinnitus loudness level (TLL) and internal jugular venous flow rate (IJVFR) in tinnitus patients with a unilateral high jugular bulb detected by temporal bone high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). The study group consisted of 24 adult patients (13 male, 11 female) with a unilateral high jugular bulb. One ear suffered from tinnitus with a high jugular bulb was included into the study group. The ears without tinnitus and no high jugular bulb on temporal bone HRCT comprised the control group. All patients were evaluated with a history and physical and otolaryngologic examinations, and, using a questionnaire, TLLs were detected. The patency and flow rates in the internal jugular veins were measured by right and left internal jugular venous Doppler ultrasonography. The TLLs were "very quiet" in 1 (4.1%) patient, "intermediate loud" in 17 (70.9%) patients, and "very loud" in 6 (25.0%) patients. IJVFRs were not different in the study and control groups. In the study group, IJVFRs were not correlated with age. There was no relationship among TLLs and IJVFRs, dominance, dehiscence, and bony septum thickness between the high jugular bulb and the middle ear. TLLs were not affected by IJVFRs, dominance, dehiscence, and bony septum thickness in patients with a high jugular bulb. More detailed studies should be undertaken to determine the reason for the different TLLs in patients with a high jugular bulb.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".