Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structural mechanism responsible for the germanate anomaly along the X 2 O-GeO 2 join, where X = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs, was investigated using Raman spectroscopy. Density maxima were measured at ∼17.5–20 mol%, 15 mol%, and 10 mol% for Li 2 O, Na 2 O and K 2 O, respectively. A maximum at 15 mol% and a minimum at 32.5 mol% were measured for Rb 2 O while the Cs 2 O glasses exhibited a maximum at 17.5 mol%. A coordination change of IV Ge to VI Ge was not observed. It is proposed that the germanate anomaly is a consequence of formation of small 3-membered GeO 4 rings as alkali oxide is added to the glass. The small rings cause a density increase. The anomaly maximum is reached when continued small ring formation cannot occur without straining the glass network. At this point the network generates large numbers of Q 3 non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) and at higher alkali oxide contents, Q 2 NBOs. The formation of the NBOs causes a decline in the density. The Rb 2 O- and Cs 2 O-containing glasses do not exhibit similar density trends to the lighter alkali-containing glasses. This is because of competing density effects from smallring formation and the increased mass of the alkalis. The overall effect on the density trends of these glasses is to skew the anomaly maxima to higher alkali oxide compositions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".