Does Postsurgical Cervical Deformity Affect the Risk of Cervical Adjacent Segment Pathology? A Systematic Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the presence or magnitude of postsurgical malalignment in the coronal (scoliosis) or sagittal plane (kyphosis/spondylolisthesis) affects the risk of cervical adjacent segment pathology (ASP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: ASP occurs in selected patients who have undergone surgical treatment for cervical spondylosis. The reasons are multifactorial; however, postsurgical alignment may play a key role. To elucidate this issue, a systematic review of the literature was undertaken. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed was conducted for literature published in English language through February 15, 2012. Studies in adults, designed to evaluate postsurgical sagittal or coronal malalignment as risk factors for radiographical or clinical ASP, were sought. Studies of pediatric or oncological patients were excluded. Case reports, case series, and patient populations of less than 10 patients were also excluded. Unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the association between alignment and the risk for developing ASP. RESULTS: The search yielded 338 citations. Of that, 311 were excluded at the title and abstract level. Of the 27 selected for full-text review, 5 poor-quality retrospective studies met the inclusion criteria and described sagittal imbalance measures as risk factors for radiological ASP after anterior surgery. No studies examined ASP after posterior cervical surgery. Three studies provided data from which unadjusted RRs and 95% confidence intervals could be calculated. These studies showed an increased risk of ASP associated with malalignment (RR, 2.24 [95% confidence interval, 1.40-3.56]; RR, 2.40 [1.33, 4.33]; RR, 1.32 [0.96, 1.81]). No study evaluating coronal imbalance as a risk factor for cervical ASP was found and none reported on clinical ASP. CONCLUSION: There is low-grade evidence from 3 published studies that postsurgical sagittal imbalance may increase the risk for cervical radiological ASP. CONSENSUS STATEMENT: An attempt should be made to maintain or restore cervical lordosis in surgical intervention for cervical disorders. Strength of Statement: Weak.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.052 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.010 | 0.008 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.010 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".