Scalings for large turbulent flow structures in gravel‐bed rivers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The relations between frequency and duration of large‐scale turbulent flow structures in gravel‐bed rivers and the distributions of the time intervals between turbulent events are investigated using flow visualisation and velocity measurements. The time of occurrence and the duration and amplitude of large bursting motions were estimated independently from a five minute underwater video and from high‐resolution velocity time series sampled at 20 Hz during 38 minutes at three heights above the bed. Results from both experiments show that the frequency‐duration relations of the large‐scale turbulent flow structures follow a power function with exponents ranging between −1.4 and −1.95, values that are typical of bursting systems (e.g., solar flares). The frequency distributions of time intervals between two successive ejections display an exponential tail. These findings provide models for simulating sequences of large‐scale turbulent events in a gravel‐bed river, an important step in linking flow turbulence and sediment transport.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".