Stability of compensatory behavior for real-time perturbations of vowel formants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While we talk, not only do we listen to the speech sounds other people make but also we listen to our own voice in order to control the phonetic/phonological details of the sounds. One example of this relationship is demonstrated by real-time formant perturbation studies which show that talkers automatically change their formant production when auditory feedback does not match with the vowel they intend to produce. The reported results are consistent across studies, yet the variability between talkers is usually quite large, with some talkers showing a large magnitude compensation while others compensate modestly. To date, the degree to which talkers compensate has been assumed to be stable, but this has never been directly examined. The current study tested the stability of compensatory behavior for perturbed formant shifted feedback by repeatedly testing a group of talkers over the course of a few weeks to measure the variance in formant values and compensation across experimental sessions. The results will be discussed in terms of sensorimotor adjustment and speech production models.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".