Endogenous tumor necrosis factor α mediates enhanced apoptosis of cultured villous trophoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted placentae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) has been implicated in the abnormally high levels of trophoblast apoptosis seen in placentae from pregnancies complicated by small births. We examined the hypothesis that at physiological (35-50 mmHg) oxygen tensions, the production of TNFalpha stimulates the apoptosis of placental trophoblasts associated with infants that are intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR). Highly purified cytotrophoblasts (CT) from IUGR-complicated pregnancies spontaneously underwent a higher rate of apoptosis after 24 h of culture at a normoxic (for villous CT) tension of 38 mmHg than did CT from normal placentae. Real-time PCR analysis of TNFalpha mRNA revealed approximately threefold higher levels in IUGR trophoblasts after culturing at a pO2 of 38 mmHg. A higher level of TNFalpha receptor p55 (which mediates apoptosis) was found in IUGR CT by western blot analysis at pO2 of <10, 38, and 140 mmHg. Neutralizing antibody to TNFalpha significantly inhibited the apoptosis of IUGR trophoblasts cultured at 38 mmHg and addition of TNFalpha significantly elevated apoptosis of normal and IUGR trophoblasts but less in IUGR cells cultured at <10 mmHg. We conclude that at physiological oxygen tensions (38 mmHg), villous CT from IUGR pregnancies, when compared with uncomplicated pregnancies, undergo more TNFalpha-induced apoptosis both because of elevated expression of TNFalpha and TNF receptor p55.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".