Recent Changes in Soil Chemistry in a Forested Ecosystem of Southern Québec, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We analyzed the temporal trends of elemental changes in the soil of the Hermine, a 5.1‐ha watershed of the Lower Laurentians, Quebec, Canada, from 1993 to 2002. The forest canopy of the Hermine is dominated by sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marshall) growing on Podzols formed in a shallow (<2 m) anorthositic till. The results show a significant long‐term decrease of SO 4 concentration in the solution of both the LFH (−1.33 μmol L −1 yr −1 ; α = 0.05) and B (−0.78 μmol L −1 yr −1 ; α = 0.01) horizons. This SO 4 decline is associated with a reduction in dissolved Ca and Mg in the B (−1.83 and −0.38 μmol L −1 yr −1 for Ca and Mg, respectively; α = 0.001) and, to a lesser extent, in the LFH horizons (−2.09 and −0.69 μmol L −1 yr −1 for Ca and Mg, respectively; α = 0.01). Thus, the combined change in dissolved Ca and Mg in the B horizon not only follows that of SO 4 but it proceeds, on an equivalent basis, at a rate almost three times faster than that of SO 4 For SO 4 , the concentration changes in solution are accompanied from 1994 to 2002 by a moderate depletion of the H 2 O‐soluble SO 4 pool in the podzolic B horizon of Zones A and C (mean rate for Zones A and C of −3.5 μmol kg −1 yr −1 ; α = 0.05). Indeed, SO 4 desorption from the B horizon occurs even under constant S deposition levels and seems to respond to changes in atmospheric deposition that occurred decades ago. In the case of exchangeable calcium and magnesium (Ca ex and Mg ex ), decreasing trends are present in the FH horizons but they are statistically significant only for Mg ex in the B horizons of Zones A and C. A decrease of up to 50% of the Mn ex pool is observed in the FH and B horizons, a decline that is partly balanced by an increase in Mn uptake by sugar maple since 1994. A tendency toward acidification is also noted in the solution (mean rate of +3.48 μmol H + L −1 yr −1 , α = 0.01) and in the solid phase (mean rate of +36.4 μmol H + kg −1 yr −1 , α = 0.001) of the organic horizons. The increase in exchangeable aluminum (Al ex ) in the FH horizons of zones B and C (mean rate for zones B and C of +0.16 cmol (+) kg −1 yr −1 ; α = 0.01) could reflect these decreasing pH trends. Finally, a recurrent seasonal pattern in exchangeable cations is observed where Al ex increases at the expense of Ca ex , Mg ex , and exchangeable manganese and potassium (Mn ex and K ex ) during the growing season. This study shows that long‐term, seasonal, and episodic trends in soil properties create a complex temporal pattern that needs to be recognized and partitioned when assessing the response of soil materials to changes in environmental conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".