Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Properties of Recycled Construction and Demolition Materials in Pavement Subbase Applications
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive laboratory evaluation of the geotechnical and geoenvironmental properties of five predominant types of construction and demolition (C&D) waste materials was undertaken in this research study. The C&D materials tested were recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), crushed brick (CB), waste rock (WR), reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), and fine recycled glass (FRG). The geotechnical assessment included particle size distribution, particle density, water absorption, compaction, Los Angeles abrasion, postcompaction sieve analysis, flakiness index, hydraulic conductivity and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests. Shear strength properties of the materials were studied through a series of triaxial tests. Consolidated drained triaxial tests undertaken on the recycled materials indicated that the recycled materials had a drained cohesion ranging from 41 kPa to 46 kPa and a drained friction angle ranging from 49° to 51°, with the exception of FRG and RAP. The response of the materials under repeated load was investigated using repeated load triaxial (RLT) tests. The RLT testing results indicated that RCA, WR, and CB performed satisfactorily at 98% maximum dry density and at a target moisture content of 70% of the optimum moisture content under modified compaction. The geoenvironmental assessment included pH value, organic content, total and leachate concentration of the material for a range of contaminant constituents. In terms of usage in pavement subbases, RCA and WR were found to have geotechnical engineering properties equivalent or superior to that of typical quarry granular subbase materials. CB at the lower target moisture contents of 70% of the OMC was also found to meet the requirements of typical quarry granular subbase materials. The properties of CB, RAP, and FRG, however, may be further enhanced with additives or mixed in blends with high quality aggregates to enable their usage in pavement subbases.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it