Concise encyclopedia of syntactic theories Ed. by Keith Brown and JimMiller, and: Concise encyclopedia of philosophy of language Ed. by Peter V. Lamarque (review)

BOOK NOTICES 231 ing sociological, psychological and linguistic data', 124-36) propose a large-scale longitudinal project on immigrant identity and language choice, planning several sociolinguistic interviews for each of 100 subjects. Probably the most satisfying article here is that by Shana Poplack and Svitlana Budzhak-Jones, "The visible loanword: Processes of integration seen in bare English-origin nouns in Ukrainian', (137-67). With the goal of distinguishing codeswitching and borrowing, the authors compare grammatical treatment of English nouns in the Ukrainian discourse of first- and second-generation Ukrainian speakers in Canada. First-generation speakers treat English nouns as if they were Ukrainian, which argues for a bonowing rather than codeswitching analysis . Second generation speakers, in contrast, 'have not fully acquired either the presciptive details or variable conditioning of Ukrainian inflection' (159), suggesting that the vexed question of bonowing versus codeswitching may not be the most perspicacious approach to this generation's grammar. Only a loose thematic unity brings this volume together, but the variety of approaches attests to the widespread interest in second language acquisition and the likelihood that this book will interest a large audience. [Susan Meredith Burt, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh.] The contemporary theory of metaphor: A perspective from Chinese. By Ning Yu. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1998. Pp. vii, 278. Metaphor follows George Lakoffs view that 'figurative language lies at the core of communication and cognition' (2). Yu's stated goals in this book, a revision of his PhD dissertation, are to describe the mapping of the concrete and physical onto the abstract and nonphysical and to compare the Chinese with the English conceptual system. He says he wishes to 'call attention to the importance of metaphors in Chinese', and their 'considerable similarity' to their English counterparts (241). Y concentrates on three main types of metaphors: (1) those expressing anger and happiness, often as a liquid or gas in a container; (2) time as space, with objects moving toward or past a stationary observer, or with an observer walking through a stationary location ; and (3) events as attributes with a physical location (Tm in trouble.'). Y observes that while 'anger is heat' in both English and Chinese—following the métonymie principle of describing the physiological effects of emotions (237)—anger is often imagined as a 'hot liquid in a container' in English but as a 'gas' in Chinese. He also notes that Chinese tends to mention body parts explicitly in expressions involving emotion , e.g. 'spleen gas' means 'temper/anger', while English metaphors like 'he is seething with anger' mention no body part names. The book offers convenient summaries at the end of each topic-centered chapter plus a summary of the summaries in the conclusion. These may be a bit repetitive to an attentive reader, but they are useful for anyone who wants a quick, minimum-effort overview of Y's main points. Y certainly would have made things easier for most ofhis readers ifhe had incorporated the Chinese characters for the examples into the main text instead of relegating them to an appendix in the back of the book. There are a few minor typos, mostly in the Pinyin Romanizations, which very inconveniently lack tone markings. Y collected his data from the official PRC party organ, the People 's Daily, various other publications, and Chinese dictionaries. Y does point out that metaphors exist at different levels of awareness and intentionality . He may be right that more consciouslycreated metaphors are usually extensions of the relatively established ones in the language, but it might have been useful to clearly identify the 'basic' metaphors first, perhaps from a corpus of spoken rather than written Chinese. Many of the examples from the People 's Daily—which tends to employ a relatively stilted, bureaucratic style to report officially approved content—were 'sore thumb' metaphors that stood out as such in a text (example: 'The economy needs soft braking and soft landing.'); while in fact probably few people are conscious of 'gas' being a metaphor when they say someone 'got angry'. Some of the dictionary examples cited, like qián chén, 'previous dust' meaning 'past experience', are low frequency , literary, or dated items, though Y acknowledges this where...

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