Development of a Continuous Process to Produce Ti via Metallothermic Reduction of TiCl<sub>4</sub> in Molten Salt
Bibliographic record
Abstract
After evaluating many different routes to produce titanium, the CSIR of South Africa selected a process to produce titanium powder continuously via metallothermic reduction of TiCl4 in molten salt. The project risks are being managed using the well-known STAGE/GATE method. The first two stages, viz, Route Selection and Preliminary Assessment have been completed and the next stage entailing campaigns extending over several days of uninterrupted operation, producing titanium at a rate of about 2 kg/h has recently begun. The rationale for selecting the process route is briefly reviewed and key process problems that had to be solved before embarking on scale-up and measures to do so are explained. Specific problems are: • Feed line blockages, • Titanium product formation and adherence to reactor internals, • Agglomerate formation; and • Production of very fine particles. Lastly the planned schedule and current status of the project are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".