Bibliographic record
Abstract
See article on page 838 Pain in the biliary tract is assumed to originate from either an obstructive event (the gall bladder contracting on a closed cystic duct, blocked by a gall stone) or inflammation (cholecystitis). Neither situation should be present after the gall bladder is extricated yet pain may persist. The “post cholecystectomy syndrome” is a poorly defined entity which includes many symptoms that range from the trivial (mild dyspepsia) to severe attacks of abdominal pain and jaundice.1 Depending on the original indication for surgery, 20–50% of patients after cholecystectomy continue to have a variety of non-specific abdominal symptoms such as flatulence and dyspepsia.2-4 True biliary type pain occurs as a relatively small percentage (14%) of symptoms which follow cholecystectomy.5 From a different perspective, such pain following cholecystectomy was a complaint in only 0.6% of men and 2.3% of women in a household survey.6 When symptoms persist following cholecystectomy and no organic basis is evident (from a stricture, retained common duct stone, pancreatitis, tumour, or congenital anomaly) by default the basis becomes “functional”. With the gall bladder gone and the bile ducts (which lack a smooth muscle layer) acting as a simple conduit, the sphincter of Oddi (SO) becomes the prime suspect for the pain through spasm or biliary obstruction. The sphincter, strategically located at the junction of the biliary tract, pancreas, and duodenum, is like a …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".