Canadian Multinational Corporations and Economic Nationalism: The Case of Imperial Oil Limited in Alberta (Canada) and Colombia, 1899-1938
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Résumé Au cours du XX e siècle, le capital canadien s’est investi dans le secteur pétrolier latinoaméricain par l’entremise de l’International Petroleum Company (IPC). Jusqu’à ce jour, les chercheurs ont négligé de prendre en compte la citoyenneté canadienne de l’IPC et l’ont considérée comme une compagnie américaine parce que l’IPC était une filiale de la Standard Oil of New Jersey. En utilisant un corpus inexploité de sources de première main, cet article montre que l’implantation de l’IPC en Colombie a constitué une réponse à l’âpre concurrence qu’elle rencontrait au Canada, à ses échecs pour trouver des gisements de brut au Canada et à l’hostilité politique que le mouvement progressiste lui a manifestée au Canada. À l’origine, la compagnie voulait utiliser les gisements colombiens comme un complément à ceux du Canada. Les conditions politiques et le manque de ressources au Canada ont fait de la Colombie un fournisseur majeur de brut pour l’IPC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".