Using Soil Water Content Sensors to Characterize Tillage Effects on Preferential Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because groundwater is a source of drinking water for many people, there is great concern to protect groundwater resources. Preferential flow through the unsaturated zone is considered one of the main contributory factors in groundwater pollution, which is influenced primarily by soil heterogeneity and management practices. To characterize the degree of preferential flow, the soil water content dynamics during short‐ and long‐term periods in the shallow zone (0–40‐cm depth) of two plots with no‐till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) soil management practices were investigated for 2 yr using soil water sensors placed horizontally in a rectangular grid along transects across crop rows. Analysis of response times and water content changes during rainfall events confirmed the existence of short‐term preferential flow at the site and that macropores and heterogeneities in soil hydraulic parameters in the shallow zone may have contributed to infiltration into the deeper layers in the NT plot. In the longer term, the pathways of infiltration and redistribution were different between the growing and non‐growing seasons; however, these differences were relatively stable in both plots during the 2‐yr study period.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".