The Discordant Combination of Civil-Law Prosecution System and Presidentialism: A Theoretical Framework
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Civil-law prosecutors could damage particular politicians’ moral foundations with their own timing and extent, manipulating criminal proceedings through their broad power within the centralized criminal procedure. This is why they must be cautiously checked by any other body of government, contrary to their common-law counterparts who exercise limited power because of the decentralized criminal procedure. Fortunately, in most civil-law countries, prosecutors are required to be accountable to democratic bodies, despite the global trend of judicial independence. In several new presidential democracies, however, civil-law prosecutors are often involved in the judicialization of politics through criminal proceedings, despite their accountability to a political branch, unlike in the continental European countries. Why is there such a difference? To answer this question, this article provides an innovative theoretical framework explaining that civil-law prosecutors would be induced to abuse their great power in a partisan position, not under a consensus form of government, but under presidentialism, with the new institutionalist approach. According to this framework, empirical researches will also be encouraged.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".