Corrosion of Metals by Bio-Oil Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark Residues. An X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Auger Electron Spectroscopy Study
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The corrosion of three metals (aluminum, copper, and austenitic steel (SS 316)) at 80 °C by bio-oil obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residue was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling. The bio-oil is very acidic (pH value of 3) and contains significant amounts of water and metal ions that are not present in significant concentrations in the feedstock material (e.g. Cu, Pb, and Fe). These metals were most probably leached from the pyrolysis reactor or peripheral installations. Aluminum and, to a much smaller degree, copper were corroded by bio-oil, whereas SS 316 was not affected. Oxide and/or hydroxide layers were formed on all three metals. However, in the case of aluminum and copper, these layers did not protect the underlying metal against further oxidation. For SS 316, after initial modification of the surface (e.g., leaching of Fe species), subsequent oxidation was prevented by the chromium oxide layer.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it