The spatial limits to entrepreneurship: Immigrant entrepreneurs in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Labour market participation and the income of immigrants in the Canadian economy, both as employees and entrepreneurs, is investigated. Special attention is devoted to the situation of those who entered Canada as business immigrants, who have been admitted into the country due to their past accomplishments in managing and establishing businesses in other parts of the world. This programme is based, essentially, on the logic of globalisation, that success in one location can be replicated in another despite different economic and regulatory environments. Using the Canadian Immigration Database, which links the landing records of immigrants with their subsequent tax returns, the economic performance of different types of immigrants to Canada is explored. The data reveal that business immigrants have lower incomes and rates of entrepreneurship than would be expected; in contrast, refugees settling in Canada appear to have higher rates of participation in the Canadian labour market as well as higher incomes. This turn of events suggests that there are critical spatial limits to entrepreneurial success. More precisely, business acumen gained in one location may not apply in another.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".