Renal arterial resistive index response to intraabdominal hypertension in a porcine model*
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The abdominal compartment syndrome is a potentially life-threatening condition with frequent renal involvement. There are few if any means of inferring subclinical effects before organ dysfunction. Because intrarenal pressure correlates with renal sonographic indices in other renal diseases, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between increasing intraabdominal hypertension and renal vascular flow velocities in a porcine model using renal Doppler ultrasound. DESIGN: Animal study. SETTING: University research laboratory. SUBJECTS: Eight anesthetized, mechanically ventilated, well-hydrated, 30-kg female Yorkshire pigs. INTERVENTIONS: Intraabdominal hypertension was induced by instillation of warmed intraperitoneal saline through a midline laparoscopic port. Intraabdominal pressure (IAP) was continuously monitored directly from the peritoneum and indirectly from the bladder. IAP was varied from 0 to 50 mm Hg in increments of 5 mm Hg. At each IAP level, gray-scale, color, and spectral Doppler renal arcuate artery ultrasound was obtained and resistive index (RI) and peak airway pressure calculated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Excellent agreement between direct and indirect IAP was found (bias, 0.032 mm Hg; 95% limits, -5.5 to 5.6 mm Hg). A linear relationship between RI and indirect IAP was observed and was defined by the regression equation: RI = 0.553 + 0.0104 x bladder pressure. There was a trend toward different RIs between left and right kidneys (p = .052) at the same IAP. RI varied in a linear fashion at low peak airway pressure and demonstrated an inflection point with steeper subsequent slope after peak airway pressure of 30 cm H2O. RI values rapidly returned to near baseline after abdominal decompression. CONCLUSIONS: In this model, the renal artery RI correlated strongly and linearly with the severity of intraabdominal hypertension, making renal Doppler ultrasound a potential noninvasive screening tool for the renal effects of intraabdominal hypertension. Further studies are warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".