Microlipid-Induced Oxidative Stress in Human Breastmilk: <i>In Vitro</i> Effects on Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To (1) determine whether medium chain fatty acids (Microlipid) added to human breastmilk generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and (2) measure the physiological effect(s) of Microlipid) (ML)-supplemented human breastmilk in an enterocyte cell culture bioassay. METHODS: ML was added to milk according to manufacturer's recommendations and total hydroperoxides measured at intervals with the FOX 2 and TBARS assays. Physiological effects of supplementation were measured using a human enterocyte cell line (Caco-2BBE) and/or a primary human fetal intestinal cell culture (FHS-74 Int). Endpoints included: intracellular oxidative stress, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), apoptosis, and interleukin (IL)-6 production. RESULTS: Immediately postsupplementation, ML did not significantly increase ROS, as determined by both the FOX 2 and TBARS assays. Further, storage of milk + ML at 4 degrees C prevented significant increases in total hydroperoxides. However, by 4 hours postsupplementation at room temperature, both assays revealed significantly higher hydroperoxide and lipid peroxide levels. ML-supplemented milk stored at room temperature for 4 hours had the following effects in cell culture bioassays: elevated oxidative stress, increased rates of apoptosis, decreased transmembrane electrical resistance (TEER) values and, in both cell culture assays, significantly increased secretion of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our measurements of extracellular and intracellular ROS, milk supplemented with fresh ML does not induce significant oxidative stress. However, when stored for 4 hours at room temperature, ML induces significant levels of oxidative stress. Decreases in TEER and increases in apoptosis and IL-6 secretion are consistent with ML-induced oxidative stress. It therefore is likely that in clinical situations, if ML-supplemented milk is not administered quickly, the newborn may be placed at greater risk of oxidative stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".