Sea-cliff Erosion with Rising Sea-Level along Shores Exposing Glacial Material in Atlantic Canada: The Effect of Bedrock Slope and an Example from Isle Madame, Nova Scotia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Rapid retreat rates of sea cliffs exposing glacial material are a widespread problem, especially in Atlantic Canada, and one that will continue. Prediction of retreat rates at specific sites involves many variables, but a factor that has commonly been overlooked in such prediction is the slope of the bedrock surface under the glacial material. A glaciated bedrock platform is generally necessary to establish a stable situation of temporary equilibrium, and as sea-level rises, the bedrock slope determines the location of the new equilibrium position. An example from Nova Scotia shows that bedrock slope is so low on some coasts that the only long-range limiting factor is kinetic, i.e. how fast hydrodynamic energy can remove glacial material. Prediction of coastal retreat scenarios requires better information on the bedrock surface than is commonly available.SOMMAIRELes taux de retrait rapide des falaises qui exposent des matériaux glaciaires est un problème très répandu et qui va perdurer, surtout dans le Canada atlantique. La prévision des taux de retrait sur des sites spécifiques comporte de nombreuses variables et, la pente du substratum rocheux sur lequel reposent ces matériaux glaciaires et une variable qui a souvent été négligée. L’existence d’un substratum rocheux glacié est généralement une condition nécessaire pour l’établissement d’une situation d'équilibre stable temporaire, et lorsque le niveau de la mer monte, la pente du substratum rocheux a une influence déterminante sur le lieu de la nouvelle position d'équilibre. Un exemple en Nouvelle-Écosse montre que la pente du substratum rocheux est si faible sur certaines côtes que le seul facteur déterminant à long terme est la cinétique, c'est-à-dire la vitesse d’abrasion du matériau glaciaire correspondant à l’énergie hydrodynamique. La prévision des scénarios de retrait de la ligne côtière requière une meilleure connaissance du substratum rocheux.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".