Inhibiting Quartz-Bitumen Coagulation by Complexing Agents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interaction between bitumen and quartz in aqueous solutions containing multivalent metal cations was studied with the objective of recovering residual bitumen from Athabasca oil sands froth treatment tailings. It was observed that the bitumen-quartz coagulation caused by hydrolysable multivalent metal cations (Fe3+, Fe2+, Ca2+) was reduced or prevented by complexing agents including citric acid, oxalic acid and EDTA. Citric acid was found to be the most effective among the complexing agents tested. Zeta potential measurements of quartz and bitumen at different pH suggested that the adsorption of metal species on quartz was responsible for the strong affinity of bitumen for quartz. Removal of free multivalent metal cations through complexation by organic acids was considered the principal mechanism for preventing bitumen-quartz coagulation as a consequence of increased electrostatic repulsion between bitumen and quartz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".