Change in entropy in thermal hysteresis of liquid-glass-liquid transition and consequences of violating the Clausius theorem
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Change in the entropy, dS, with change in the temperature T, with or without phase transformation, is determined only if the thermal path is reversible. For an irreversible thermal path, dS > dqirrev/T, an expression known as inequality in the Clausius theorem. In the glass formation range, Cp and enthalpy show a time-dependent hysteresis between the cooling and heating paths and the two Cp paths cross each other. We provide new data on Cp of poly(styrene) and use the previous Cp data [E. Tombari, C. Ferrari, G. Salvetti, and G. P. Johari, Phys. Rev. B 78, 144203 (2008)], both data obtained from measurements performed on cooling from melt to glass and heating from glass to melt at unusually slow rates, and show that violation of the Clausius theorem in such cases has insignificant consequences for determining the entropy of glass. We also report Cp of the samples annealed for different times at different temperatures in which the enthalpy spontaneously decreased. These measurements also show that violation of the Clausius theorem is relatively inconsequential for interpreting the entropy of the glassy state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".