HIghMass—HIGH H I MASS, H I-RICH GALAXIES AT<i>z</i>∼ 0 HIGH-RESOLUTION VLA IMAGING OF UGC 9037 AND UGC 12506
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present resolved H i observations of two galaxies, UGC 9037 and UGC 12506, members of a rare subset of galaxies detected by the ALFALFA extragalactic H i survey characterized by high H i mass and high gas fraction for their stellar masses. Both of these galaxies have M * > 10 10 M ☉ and M * , as well as typical star formation rates for their stellar masses. How can such galaxies have avoided consuming their massive gas reservoirs? From gas kinematics, stability, star formation, and dark matter distributions of the two galaxies, we infer two radically different histories. UGC 9037 has high central H i surface density (>10 M ☉ pc −2 ). Its gas at most radii appears to be marginally unstable with non-circular flows across the disk. These properties are consistent with UGC 9037 having recently acquired its gas and that it will soon undergo major star formation. UGC 12506 has low surface densities of H i , and its gas is stable over most of the disk. We predict its gas to be H i -dominated at all except the smallest radii. We claim a very high dark matter halo spin parameter for UGC 12506 (λ = 0.15), suggesting that its gas is older, and has never undergone a period of star formation significant enough to consume the bulk of its gas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".