Introduced lake trout exhibit life history and morphological divergence with depth
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We found that an introduced population of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Flathead Lake, Montana, USA, exhibited divergent life history, diet, and morphology after the invasion of Mysis diluviana. A correspondence between stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in lake trout muscle and their prey suggests that individual lake trout exhibited depth preferences. Lake trout 451–600 mm total length showed morphological distinctness between shallow (0–25 m) and deep (60–100 m) collections wherein the latter had deeper bodies and larger eyes. Furthermore, these deep lake trout fed more heavily on Mysis, grew slower, and matured at a smaller size. Lack of genetic divergence between depth groups and the rapid divergence of life histories after Mysis invasion suggest a strong role for environment in producing the observed ecotypic variation. Our research supports resource partitioning by depth and diet as a drivers of phenotypic diversity in lake trout, providing insights into the origins of morphotypes and guidance for conservation of native populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".