Standard Partial Molar Volumes of Aqueous Glycolic Acid and Tartaric Acid from 25 to 350 °C: Evidence of a Negative Krichevskii Parameter for a Neutral Organic Solute
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Apparent molar volumes have been determined using a high-pressure vibrating-tube densimeter for aqueous solutions of glycolic acid (HGly = HOCH(2)COOH) and tartaric acid (H(2)Tar = HOOCCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH) at temperatures from 25 degrees C to 350 degrees C and pressures as high as 20 MPa. The resulting standard partial molar volumes (HGly,aq) are relatively independent of temperature until 315 degrees C, at which point (HGly,aq) deviates sharply toward negative values. This suggests that the Krichevskii parameter, A(Kr) = lim(x(2) --> 0) , which describes the discontinuities in standard partial molar properties at the critical point of water, is negative. Almost all aqueous nonelectrolytes are characterized by positive Krichevskii parameters. This is the first negative value reported for any organic molecule that is not an ion or zwitterion and only the third ever observed directly for a neutral species (the others are B(OH)(3) and H(3)PO(4)). The standard partial molar volumes for H(2)Tar(aq) are also relatively independent of temperature until 275 degrees C, suggesting a similar behavior. However, the onset of thermal decomposition prevented measurements at temperatures above 300 degrees C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".