Extreme population subdivision despite high colonization ability: contrasting regional patterns in intertidal tardigrades from the west coast of North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Aim To determine whether microscopic marine organisms experience more extreme population subdivision than co‐distributed macroscopic organisms. Location The intertidal zone of the west coast of North America. Methods We used phylogenetic methods, haplotype networks and analyses of molecular variance ( AMOVA s) to examine geographical subdivision in tardigrades ( Echiniscoides ) between the northern tip of Vancouver Island and San Diego. Results Analyses of 330 individuals from 19 populations revealed a genetically diverse set of tardigrades probably comprising between four and fifteen species. Southern populations displayed extreme population subdivision and contained many deeply divergent lineages that are fully or nearly restricted to single sampling sites. In contrast, northern populations exhibited lower levels of phylogeographical structure and few geographically restricted lineages. AMOVA s showed that inter‐population variation was maximized when nearly all southern populations were kept distinct and all northern populations were treated as a single population. Main conclusions Strong patterns of population subdivision on fine spatial scales in tardigrades stand in sharp contrast to previous studies of macroscopic organisms across this same range, suggesting that geographical subdivision in microscopic organisms is stronger than in co‐occurring macroscopic organisms.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".