Induced Multiphase Flow Behaviour Effects in Gas Injection EOR Projects
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The recovery of oil by secondary waterfloods and tertiary miscible floods is significantly affected by the native wettability state of the reservoir. In gas injection EOR processes, the initial wettability state of the reservoir could be significantly altered due to mass transfer and phase behaviour interactions between the injected gas and the reservoir crude oil. This, in turn, would influence the water-oil and water-gas flow behaviour by altering their relative permeabilities. Should the reservoir engineer include these dynamic interactions and flow behaviour modifications in designing gas injection projects for optimum economic benefits? We seek to address this question by extending our understanding of the influence of the native wettability state on watergas relative permeability by experimental measurements and by quantifying the effects of induced wettability and relative permeability changes on gas-flood design parameters. A sequence of coreflood steps was designed to mimic the field practices used in water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection projects. The sequence has been applied to two reservoir rockfluids systems. Each sequence consists of four cycles of immiscible nitrogen floods in the core assembly at four different stages starting with clean core (unexposed to oil), core containing liveoil at waterflood-residual saturation, core subjected to a miscible flood, and the core after a repeat of the miscible flood. Both the rock-fluids systems studied indicate that the watergas flow behaviour is modified due to the miscible displacement. These results, combined with the knowledge of our previous work on oil-water flow behaviour modifications, imply the need for a dynamic mode of miscible flood design that would incorporate the in situ rock-fluids interactions. The results of this experimental study and their impact on WAG ratio calculations are presented and discussed in the paper. Introduction A summary of Canadian, US and worldwide EOR production data for the past decade has been recently provided(1). These data indicate that nearly all of the gas-based EOR production in Canada has been due to hydrocarbon gas injection. However, the production share of hydrocarbon gas injection projects (as a per cent of total EOR production) has steadily declined from 49% in 1992 to about 18% in 2000, while steam-based thermal EOR of heavy oil has steadily grown during this period. The historical predominance of hydrocarbon gases over CO2 in Canadian miscible projects appears to be changing. With PanCanadian's Weyburn CO2 miscible project coming on stream this year, the share of EOR production by CO2 injection will increase significantly. The EOR data for the US indicate that, while the production (and number) of CO2 miscible projects has increased steadily over the last two decades, all other gas injection projects (CO2 immiscible, N2 and flue gas) have declined or become extinct except for the hydrocarbon miscible projects. The production from miscible hydrocarbon gas injection projects in the US has steadily increased, in spite of their decreasing numbers. The overall effect is that the share of production from gas injection EOR in the US has almost doubled from 23% in 1990 to 42% in 2000. The worldwide EOR data indicate the increasing dominance of hydrocarbon miscible projects over CO2, and a reversal, in 2000, of the decade-long decreasing trend in the production share of gas injection projects. This discussion points out the significant role that gas injection processes will continue to play in the world to enhance oil recovery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".