Proliferation and Expression of Progenitor and Mature Retinal Phenotypes in the Adult Mammalian Ciliary Body after Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Despite the identification of a small population of cells residing in the ciliary body (CB) of the adult mammalian eye that have the capacity to generate retina-like cells in vitro, their activity in vivo remains quiescent. The authors sought to identify whether the predictable and time-dependent death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) results in activation of progenitor-like cells within the CB. METHODS: RGC injury was induced by optic nerve axotomy in adult mice. Thymidine-analogue lineage tracing and immunocytochemistry were used to identify dividing cells and the phenotype of newly generated progeny. RESULTS: Two populations of nestin-expressing cells are present in the CB of the uninjured eye. One population resides in periendothelial cells of blood vessels, and a second resides in the ciliary epithelium. Axotomy increases proliferation in the CB, a response that begins before the onset of RGC death and continues during a time that corresponds with the peak in RGC death. In addition, a subpopulation of nestin-positive cells in the CB upregulates the homeodomain protein Chx10. Finally, recoverin, the expression of which is normally restricted to photoreceptors and bipolar cells of the retina, is upregulated in the CB in a manner that is independent of proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these results suggest that progenitorlike cells of the CB respond to cues associated with the loss of a single retinal cell type and that a subpopulation of those cells may differentiate into a cell that bears phenotypic resemblance to those seen in the retina.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".