Utilization of copper during lactation and neonatal development in muskoxen
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Post-natal availability of copper may affect survival of arctic ruminants such as muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus), because neonates must develop rapidly before their first winter. We hypothesized that supplemental injections of Cu for lactating females would increase Cu in milk and in circulation within their offspring. Milk was low in Cu (<4 μg Cu·g 1 dry matter) but was not affected by Cu supplementation through peak lactation. Muskoxen are born with high concentrations of Cu in the liver but low activity of the Cu enzyme ceruloplasmin in serum. Levels of serum ceruloplasmin and Cu increase as neonates mature, reaching adult levels in late summer, but this transition coincides with poor growth and diarrhea. Reserves of Cu established in utero are likely depleted as metabolic processes mature and as young make the transition from a milk-based to a forage-based diet. Therefore, availability of trace minerals in utero and in autumn forages may influence the growth, immune function, and survival of young muskoxen in their first year.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".