A GIS Nonpoint Source Pollution Model for the Las Vegas Valley
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Las Vegas Valley is located in Southern Nevada where the average rainfall rarely exceeds five inches per year. The majority of rainfall is concentrated in the winter and summer periods, thus characterizing the region as semi-arid. The Las Vegas Valley watershed is divided into nine sub watersheds that form a 3968 km2 (1532 mi2) watershed. The entire watershed drains first to the Las Vegas Wash, and then to Lake Mead—the main source of drinking water for Southern Nevada. Approximately 85% of the watershed is undeveloped natural desert; however, some areas are highly developed. The nonpoint source pollution from urban runoff has direct water quality impacts on Lake Mead (the receiving water body). Excessive nutrients from nonpoint sources have been identified as one of the possible causes of excessive algae growth in the Spring of 2001. In this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) -based model that uses the Simple Model is used to better understand how nonpoint sources contribute to total pollutant loads in the lake. The loads from the model are compared to waste water treatment loads for 2000 and 2001.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".