Oblique wave‐wave interactions of nonlinear near‐surface internal waves in the Strait of Georgia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although nonlinear interactions that occur when two large internal waves collide at oblique angles are often observed in the natural world, quantitative and theoretical aspects of these interactions are only poorly understood. The available analyses are generally theoretical or the result of limited numerical experimentation, with few (if any) quantitative field measurements. Here we describe four cases of internal wave interactions, two of which involve the fundamentally non‐steady generation of “Mach stems” at the site of the interaction, observed in the Strait of Georgia, Canada. Details of the interactions are quantified using time sequences of photogrammetrically rectified oblique images obtained from a circling aircraft, while simultaneous observations are made of water column properties from a surface vessel. The imaging technique allows us to estimate the speed and direction of each wave, as well as details of phase shifts induced by interactions. An existing small‐amplitude theory is applied but is found to overestimate the likelihood of Mach interactions at large amplitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".