Investigations of newly formed sea ice in the Cape Bathurst polynya: 1. Structural, physical, and optical properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The physical, structural, and optical properties of newly formed ice types were studied in the Cape Bathurst polynya (71°N, 127°W) during fall freezeup in October to early November 2003. Variable meteorological conditions with occasional snowfall resulted in the formation of numerous ice types and surface conditions. Ice samples were collected from horizontally homogeneous surfaces representative of the area. Crystallographic analysis on 33 ice cores revealed highly variable growth conditions and formation mechanisms in the area. The mean fraction of granular ice was 33%, while intermediate granular‐columnar and columnar ice contributed 37% and 30%, respectively. Salinity profiles in the ice were C‐shaped and as the ice grew thicker, bulk salinities decreased according to 4.582 + 13.358/hi (cm). These conditions resulted in brine volumes ranging from 4% to 46%. Bare ice surfaces commonly formed a high salinity brine skim layer due to brine expulsion. Salinities up to 40‰ were observed in this layer. Under suitable conditions frost flowers formed on the ice, and their presence was related to characteristic ice microstructure with crystals that appeared disc‐like in shape. Fine‐grained snow‐ice was formed when snow merged with surface brine to create a complex hypersaline surface at the snow/ice interface. The spectral reflectance for the thin ice types was most strongly related to surface conditions. The presence of frost flowers significantly increased the reflectance independent of snow precipitation. Any increase in ice thickness was found to have little effect on the reflectance once a 20–30 mm thick snow layer was present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".