Impacts of golf course construction and operation on headwater streams: bioassessment using benthic algae
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of golf course operation and construction on benthic algal communities in headwater streams on the Precambrian Shield was investigated using a reference condition approach. Streams were sampled for water chemistry and epilithic benthic algae on operational golf courses, on courses under construction, and from nearby minimally impacted reference locations. Epilithic diatom community structure was different in reference streams than in operational golf course streams, the latter indicating nutrient enrichment, higher pH, and disturbance. Full counts of diatoms and soft algae revealed that there was a lower proportion of diatoms relative to other algal groups, cyanobacteria in particular, in operational golf course streams compared with samples from reference locations. Dominance by a single taxon was also significantly higher in operational golf course streams. Although differences relative to the reference streams were less marked for the streams on courses under construction, full counts of diatoms and soft algae provided evidence of disturbance and nutrient enrichment. In particular, high proportions of filamentous green algae were recorded. Overall, our results indicate that golf course land management on the Shield is associated with significant differences in the abundance of certain benthic algal taxa in headwater streams.Key words: diatoms, periphyton, biomonitoring, golf courses, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Precambrian Shield.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".