Reduced Expression of PDX-1 Is Associated With Decreased Beta Cell Function in Chronic Pancreatitis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The present study was conducted to monitor the expression of pancreas and duodenal homeobox gene (PDX-1) for assessing beta-cell function in islets from patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS: Islets isolated from the pancreata of 40 surgical patients categorized as control group, patients with mild CP, and patients with advanced CP were assessed for their yield, size, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Expressions of genes coding for PDX-1, insulin, and glucagon were simultaneously monitored by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In comparison with the control group (2673 +/- 592 islet equivalents [IEq]/g), islet yield did not differ much in the patients with mild CP (2344 +/- 738 IEq/g) but was significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) in the patients with advanced CP (731 +/- 167 IEq/g). Although the marginal decrease in islet size observed in the patients with mild CP was not significantly different from that observed in the control group, there was a 58% decrease observed in the patients with advanced CP that was also accompanied by a significant reduction in beta-cell mass (P < 0.05). The expression of insulin and PDX-1 genes, but not of glucagon, was significantly reduced in the patients with advanced CP as confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Islets obtained from the patients with advanced CP retained 53% glucose-stimulated insulin secretion function in comparison with those of the control group. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that beta-cell dysfunction during progression of CP correlates with the decrease in PDX-1 gene expression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".