A new concept of isolation bearings for highway steel bridges using shape memory alloys
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Conventional lead–rubber bearings (LRB) may have a problem of instability and unrecovered deformation with a strong ground motion. To improve the problems, this study proposed a new concept of an isolation device in which shape memory alloy wires were incorporated in an elastomeric bearing. This study illustrated the behavior of shape memory alloy in tension and discussed the variation of stiffness and stress on the hyteresis curves. A three-span continuous steel bridge was used for seismic analyses to compare the performance of lead–rubber bearings with the proposed bearings. This study showed that large residual deformation of LRB occurred even with a weak ground motion of peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.2g. The proposed bearings effectively limited the relative displacement of the deck when tested for the strong ground motions and almost recovered the original undeformed shape. However, the proposed bearing increases the demand on bridge columns compared with the LRB.Key words: shape memory alloy, lead–rubber bearings, seismic bridge analysis, isolation device, residual deformation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it