The role of soil in the external corrosion of cast iron water mains in Toronto, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
External corrosion is a major factor contributing to the deterioration of cast iron water mains; it weakens the pipe wall, which increases the risk of failure. External corrosion is a function of the interaction between the pipeline and the soil that surrounds it. The aggressiveness of soil towards cast iron is affected by soil properties such as resistivity, pH, and the presence of sulphate reducing bacteria. Water main sections and accompanying soil samples were collected from locations across Toronto within the framework of a comprehensive research project over a 2 year period. After careful examination of the effect of each of the soil properties, it appears that soil resistivity has the largest effect on the observed maximum average pitting rate. Limitations to the practical application of the American Water Works Association soil corrosiveness scoring system are also presented. A preliminary spatial analysis of the data indicates that water mains in the district of Etobicoke have had a higher average rate of external corrosion than those in the district of Toronto. Microbiological corrosion could be an aggravating factor in the district of Etobicoke, since areas exhibiting increased levels of sulphide concentration were identified in soils that had originated from this district.Key words: water mains, external corrosion, soil properties, Toronto, cast iron, pipes.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it