Improving the Activity and Stability of PdSn Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction by Heat Treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbon-supported PdSn catalysts were synthesized (ratio of about Pd:Sn = 1:1) by the NaBH 4 reduction method for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in HClO 4 solution. The carbon support surface was previously activated with a sensitizing and activating pre-treatment. The as-prepared PdSn catalyst was then heat treated at 300 ºC in H 2 /N 2 (3vol.% H 2 ). The PdSn catalysts were characterized by SEM/EDX, XRD and TEM before and after the heat treatment. The electrochemical activity towards ORR was examined by cyclic and rotating disk electrode measurements and compared with that of Pd. The ORR catalytic activity of PdSn heat treated catalyst was about 25 and 4 times higher than that of as-prepared and Pd catalyst, respectively. Accelerated stability test (AST) by repetitive potential cycling indicated that PdSn heat treated was very stable in electrochemical environment.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".