Fractalkine and fractalkine receptors in human neurons and glial cells
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fractalkine has been identified as a novel chemokine that exhibits cell adhesion and chemoattractive properties in the central nervous system (CNS), and the fractalkine receptors, CX3CR1, are also expressed in the CNS. In the present study, the expression of fractalkine and fractalkine receptors was investigated in enriched populations of human CNS neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. In addition, the regulatory role played by protein kinase C (PKC) in fractalkine secretion in neurons was determined in A1 human hybrid neuronal cell line produced between a human cerebral neuron and a human neuroblastoma cell. Human neurons and astrocytes expressed fractalkine mRNA as determined by the revserse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis, while human microglia preparation did not express the fractalkine message. Human neurons and microglia expressed CX3CR1 mRNA, but astrocytes did not. These results suggest that fractalkine secreted by CNS neurons and astrocytes produce biological effects in neurons and microglia. Although phorbol ester did not change the expression of fractalkine mRNA level in A1 hybrid neurons, it did upregulate fractalkine secretion over unstimulated controls. This upregulation of fractalkine production was suppressed by the treatment with Ro32-0432, a PKC inhibitor. These results indicate that intracellular signals transduced by PKC play an important role in the regulation of soluble fractalkine at the post-transcriptional level in human neurons. As for the biological function of fractalkine, extracellularly applied fractalkine increased the number of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled microglia 3-fold over the untreated controls, indicating fractalkine induces proliferation of human microglia. These observations suggest that fractalkine released by injured neurons could induce proliferation, activation and/or migration of microglia at the injured brain sites.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it