Changes with Age, Year-of-Birth Cohort, Age by Year-of-Birth Cohort Interaction, and Standardization of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results of a variety of normative and comparative studies of the Wechsler intelligence tests were garnered from the literature. These studies are used to examine changes in intelligence test performance over time. The data indicate that there are changes both across ages and across year-of-birth cohort, as well as an interaction between age and year of birth. The data strongly suggest that over generations people are increasing in average performance for longer periods of time to higher levels of performance. As a result, the Wechsler tests get successively harder with each standardization, and this change is greater for adults than for adolescents. Another result is an increase in average IQs obtained from any Wechsler adult test of about 1 IQ point for every 4 years since standardization. Frequent updates of norms are suggested, and two ‘ballpark’ strategies for making between-test or between-occasion comparisons are suggested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".