Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chemehuevi, a member of the Uto-Aztecan language family, is spoken along the Colorado River in both Arizona and California. The language is extremely endangered with fewer than five known speakers, all over the age of 50. Chemehuevi is classified following Miller et al. (2005) as a dialect of Colorado River Numic along with Southern Paiute and Ute. The present work offers a general description of the acoustic characteristics of the Chemehuevi phoneme inventory based on both an analysis of archival (3 female speakers recorded by: Major, 1969; Tyler, 1972; Press, 1973–1974) and current field recordings (1 male speaker recorded by: Penfield, Serratos, and Tucker, 2005–2006, 2010) of the language. To date, there is little acoustic analysis of Numic languages available. Vowel characteristics are analyzed by extracting duration and the first three formant frequencies. Consonants are also investigated using relevant acoustic measures (such as voice-onset time and centroid frequency). Additionally, the present acoustic analysis is compared to early descriptions of the phoneme inventory and provides evidence regarding the nature of the vowel inventory (is /e/ a phoneme), location of stress, idiolectal differences, and word final voiceless vowels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".