On-Chip Surface-Based Detection with Nanohole Arrays
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A microfluidic device with integrated surface plasmon resonance (SPR) chemical and biological sensors based on arrays of nanoholes in gold films is demonstrated. Widespread use of SPR for surface analysis in laboratories has not translated to microfluidic analytical chip platforms, in part due to challenges associated with scaling down the optics and the surface area required for common reflection mode operation. The resonant enhancement of light transmission through subwavelength apertures in a metallic film suggests the use of nanohole arrays as miniaturized SPR-based sensing elements. The device presented here takes advantage of the unique properties of nanohole arrays: surface-based sensitivity; transmission mode operation; a relatively small footprint; and repeatability. Proof-of-concept measurements performed on-chip indicated a response to small changes in refractive index at the array surfaces. A sensitivity of 333 nm per refractive index unit was demonstrated with the integrated device. The device was also applied to detect spatial microfluidic concentration gradients and to monitor a biochemical affinity process involving the biotin-streptavidin system. Results indicate the efficacy of nanohole arrays as surface plasmon-based sensing elements in a microfluidic platform, adding unique surface-sensitive diagnostic capabilities to the existing suite of microfluidic-based analytical tools.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it