TECHNICAL NOTE—Inventory Systems with a Generalized Cost Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study a single-stage inventory system with a generalized shortage penalty cost that includes the following three components: (i) a cost that is an increasing function of the number of backordered units in a period, (ii) a fixed cost incurred for each period in which there is a backorder irrespective of how many units are backordered, and finally (iii) a cost that is an increasing function of the number of periods a customer is backordered. We show the problem can be transformed into one in which the backorder cost depends on the inventory position only. Then we present two sets of conditions; the first one restricts our attention to a special case of the generalized penalty cost model while the second one restricts our attention to stationary demand models with some distributional assumptions. Under the first (resp. second) set of conditions, we show that the expected cost in a period can be expressed as a convex (resp. quasiconvex) function of the after-ordering inventory position. We use this property to prove the optimality of order-up-to policies under both sets of conditions and discuss extensions to the cases where either a fixed ordering cost or a batch ordering constraint is present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".